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Mujaddid

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A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد) is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد, tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.[3]

The concept is based on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[4] recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said:

Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.

— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[5]

Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Some scholars have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be occasionally understood as plural.[6][7]

Mujaddids can include prominent scholars and pious rulers.[2] After the fall of the universal Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, the title of Mujaddid began to be claimed by secular rulers to assert the notion of a divinely appointed ruler and that they were given the right to rule by God. One of the first to do this was the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh (1405–1447), followed even more strongly by Uzun Hasan (1452–1478).[8]

List of claimants or potentials

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[9][page needed][10] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]

First century (July 18, 622 – July 26, 719/1 AH –100 AH) [after the prophetic period]

Second century (July 27, 719 – August 1, 816/101 AH – 200 AH)

Third century (August 2, 816 – August 10, 913/201 AH – 300 AH)

Fourth Century (August 11, 913 – August 19, 1010/301 AH – 400 AH)

Fifth century (August 20, 1010 – August 27, 1107/401 AH – 500 AH)

Sixth century (August 28, 1107 – September 3, 1204/501 AH – 600 AH)

Seventh century (September 4, 1204 – September 12, 1301/601 AH – 700 AH)

Eighth century (September 13, 1301 – September 19, 1398/701 AH – 800 AH)

Ninth century (September 20, 1398 – September 28, 1495/801 AH – 900 AH)

Tenth century (September 29, 1495 – October 5, 1592/901 AH – 1000 AH)

Eleventh century (October 6, 1592 – October 13, 1689/1001 AH – 1100 AH)

Twelfth century (October 14, 1689 – October 22, 1786/1101 AH – 1200 AH)

Thirteenth century (October 23, 1786 – October 31, 1883/1201 AH – 1300 AH)

Fourteenth century (November 1, 1883 – November 7, 1980/1301 AH – 1400 AH)

Fifteenth century (November 8, 1980 – November 16, 2077/1401 AH – 1500 AH)

Claimants in other traditions

References

  1. ↑ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad (16 August 2010). The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. Lulu.com. p. 7. ISBN 9781446164020. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 Meri, Josef W., ed. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678. ISBN 9780415966900.
  3. ↑ "Mujaddid – Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
  4. ↑ Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0878402243, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
  5. ↑ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
  6. ↑ Fath al-Baari (13/295)
  7. ↑ Taareekh al-Islam (23/180)
  8. ↑ Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire (Revised and Expanded ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-87480-565-9.
  9. ↑ Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures. ABC-CLIO, LLC. 10 March 2015. ISBN 9781610692502.
  10. ↑ Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. ISBN 9781610692496.
  11. 1 2 3 "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
  13. ↑ Mohammed M. I. Ghaly, "Writings on Disability in Islam: The 16th Century Polemic on Ibn Fahd's "al-Nukat al-Ziraf"," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 13/14, No. 2/1 (Fall 2005/Spring 2006), p. 26, note 98
  14. ↑ Dhail Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah
  15. ↑ Dhail Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah Siyar Alām al-Nubalāʾ
  16. 1 2 Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
  17. 1 2 Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.
  18. 1 2 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
  19. ↑ Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
  20. 1 2 3 The Legal Thought of Jalāl Al-Din Al-Suyūṭī: Authority and Legacy, Page 133 Rebecca Skreslet Hernandez
  21. 1 2 Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
  22. ↑ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
  23. ↑ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
  24. ↑ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
  25. ↑ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
  26. ↑ Reese, Scott S. (2001). "The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 14 (1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa): 49–68. doi:10.1080/136968101750333969. JSTOR 3181395. S2CID 162001423.
  27. ↑ Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455
  28. 1 2 Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen by Ali Unal and Alphonse Williams, 10 June 2000; ISBN 978-0970437013
  29. ↑ "Sufism - Al Qamar Publications". www.alqamarpublications.com/. Retrieved 2026-08-29.
  30. ↑ "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani - SunnahOnline.com". sunnahonline.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  31. ↑ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
  32. ↑ Wael Hallaq (23 February 2022). Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 26. ISBN 9781000585049.
  33. 1 2 Muhsin J. al-Musawi (15 April 2015). Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters, The: Arabic Knowledge Construction. University of Notre Dame Press, Chapter 6 'Disputation in Rhetoric' citation #28. ISBN 978-0268020446. ISBN 978-0268020446
  34. ↑ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2004-09-02.
  35. ↑ Mahrusillah, Mohamad (23 November 2022). Fiqh Neurostorytelling Tradisi Lisan Pengajaran Fatḥ al-Mu'īn di Banten. Penerbit A-Empat. p. 139. ISBN 9786236289754.
  36. ↑ Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
  37. ↑ Jaleel, Talib (11 July 2015). Notes On Entering Deen Completely Islam as its followers know it. EDC Foundation. p. 1031.
  38. ↑ Khan, I. K. (2006). Islam in Modern Asia. MD Publications. p. 87. ISBN 9788175330948.
  39. ↑ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90-04-10672-3.
  40. 1 2 Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ↑ al-Din M. Zarabozo, Jamal (2003). The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 369. ISBN 9960-29-500-1.
  42. ↑ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26.
  43. ↑ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
  44. ↑ "Shaikhul-Hind Mahmood Hasan: symbol of freedom struggle". 12 February 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  45. ↑ Adrawi Asir. Hazrat Shaykh al-Hind: Hayāt awr kārnāme [Shaykh al-Hind: Life and works] (in Urdu). Shaykhul Hind Academy. pp. 304–305.
  46. ↑ Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. Oxford University Press. 4 January 1996. ISBN 9780195357110.
  47. ↑ Bano, Masooda (2021). Salafi Social and Political Movements - National and Transnational Contexts. Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781474479158.
  48. ↑ The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam – Page 286
  49. ↑ The Fundamental Principles of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy by Reza Akbarian
  50. ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Thomson Gale (2004)
  51. ↑ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
  52. ↑ Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
  53. ↑ Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect. The Sunni-Shia mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the Ahmadiyya sect as it believes in non-law bearing prophethood after Muhammad.
  54. ↑ "Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved 2018-09-03. Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a "nonlegislating" prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad's "legislative" prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam.
  55. ↑ Islam and Democracy in South Asia. palgrave macmillan. p. 201. ISBN 978-3-030-42909-6.

Further reading

  • Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity. Oxford India Paperbacks
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