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Pesa Elf

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Pesa Elf
Elf II 48WEc of Lower Silesian Railways at Zgorzelec Miasto in 2022
Interior of Elf II 48WEc of Lower Silesian Railways at Węgliniec in 2026
Stock typeElectric multiple unit
ManufacturerPesa SA
Assembly Poland
Family nameElf
Constructed2010–present
Entered service2011
Number under construction88
Number built189
Fleet numbersEN76 (4 cars); EN62 (3 cars); EN96 (2 cars)
OperatorSee Operation
Specifications
Width2,880 mm (9 ft 5 in) (UIC 505-1)
Height4,280 mm (14 ft 1 in)
Platform height550 mm (1 ft 10 in)
Maximum speed
  • Design:
  • 190 km/h (118 mph)
  • Majority:
  • 160 km/h (100 mph)
Traction systemelectric
Traction motors
  • 4 × 400 kW
  • 4 × 500 kW
  • 6 × 500 kW
  • 8 × 400 kW
Power output1600–3200 kW
Accelerationaround 1 m/s2
Electric systems3 kV DC, 25 kV AC overhead (also 1.5 kV DC and 15 kV AC are offered)
Current collectionPantograph
Coupling systemScharfenberg
Multiple workingUp to 3 units
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge

Pesa Elf (an abbreviation of Electric Low Floor) is a family of electric multiple unit trains developed by Polish rolling-stock manufacturer Pesa SA.[1] Elf feature a low floor design, intended for railway stations with platforms below 55 cm (22 in), improving accessibility and reducing boarding times. The trains are designed for regional, commuter, and long distance services, with different variants tailored to their intended use.[2] There are three classes of Elf trains; Elf I, Elf II,[3] Elf.eu and the Elf III—used as a trade name for diesel multiple units of Pesa (such as the Pesa Link) targeting markets outside of Poland.[4]

Each class includes several variants configured for different operators and service patterns. For example, the Elf I 27WE units which operate on Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) feature a longitudinal seating layout to maximise standing capacity for commuter services.

As of 2026, around 189 Pesa Elf trains operate across Europe, with an additional 88 units currently under construction. Elf.eu trains, which use a multi-voltage system, are in service outside of Poland, currently in the Czech Republic (RegioJet) and in Romania (CFR Călători).[a]

History

[edit]

Elf I

[edit]

Following a major restructuring in 1998, Pesa initially (from 2001) focused on the production of diesel railbuses and DMUs, but in 2004 it undertook the construction of the first EMUs for the Warsaw Commuter Railway: Pesa Mazovia. Despite plans to purchase 10 units for the operator, production was ultimately cancelled after the construction of 1 unit.[5] Two more EMUs were designed and built: the Pesa Acatus in 2006 and Pesa Bydgostia also in 2006 until 2008. The production of both trains were cancelled after the first batch, due to the high-level (1 m (3.3 ft)) floor design which hindered the rapid alighting of passengers and passengers who used bicycles, strollers, or wheelchairs for their journey.[6] As most railway stations in Poland had low-level platforms, the only exceptions at the time were usually railway stations in Warsaw and Gdańsk.[7][5]

Pesa began its design of the Electric Low Floor (Elf), together with the Acatus II. Both classes were designed with low-level boarding, at a height between 760 mm (30 in) for the Acatus II,[8] and 760–800 mm (30–31 in) for the Elf trains.[9][10] The design process of the Elf trains involved a 110-person team of Pesa engineers, as well as subcontractor engineers and academics from Polish technical universities. The designs were inspired by foreign trains, the Bombardier Talent and Siemens Desiro.[11]

Elf II

[edit]

New technical requirements for manufactured trains in Poland led to the discontinuing of Elf I units in 2016, with new Elf IIs being designed to meet the new requirements, which also differed from their predecessors, the Elf Is. Silesian Railways was the first operator whom ordered the new Elf IIs, in October of the same year, at a price of around 206 million Polish złoty, cheaper than Newag and Stadler's trains.[12] The order consisted of one two-car unit, two three-car units, and 10 four-car units. In 2017, an additional order of six more trains came through, which consisted of one three-car unit, two four-car units, and three two-car units.[13]

Elf.eu

[edit]

In 2019, Pesa designed the Elf.eu series, adapted to the requirements of train operators outside of Poland. Based on the Elf II series, Elf.eu are dual-voltage trains at 3 kV DC and 25 kV AC. The trains can also be configured from 2 to 5 cars.[14][15] In April 2019, Pesa received 19 million Polish złoty in funding from the Poland National Centre for Research and Development (NCRD), for the development of the Elf.eu series as part of the "Fast Track" competition for large train manufacturers.[16]

The first operator to order the Elf.eu series was the Czech operator RegioJet, which ordered dual-voltage, two-car units. The trains are longer units, with different bogies. The first units entered service on 14 August 2022.[17]

Elf III

[edit]

Pesa Regio160, also known as Elf III (sometimes written as Elf 3.0) was designed as a low-level DMU. On 26 February 2021, a framework agreement was signed with Pesa, providing for the delivery of 160 DMUs for Czech Railways, with an initial order for 33 units.[18] By November 2023, a total of 106 two-car units had been ordered. Construction of the first units began in 2023, designated as ČSD Class 847.[19]

Exhibits

[edit]
A Silesian Railways Elf I showcased at InnoTrans in September 2010

The Elf family was first showcased at InnoTrans (Berlin) on 21 September 2010. Pesa showcased a Silesian Railways Elf I EN76, numbered 001.[20] The following year, in 2011, a Polregio (Holy Cross branch) Elf I EN96, numbered 002 was showcased at Trako (Gdańsk), between October 11 and 15.[5] On 28 June 2012, during the presentation of the Pesa Link for České dráhy in Velim, Czech Republic, Pesa also showcased a Masovian Railways Elf I EN76, numbered 011.[21] Between June 18 to 20 in 2013, a Greater Poland Railways Elf I EN76, numbered 035 was showcased at Czech Raildays (Ostrava).[22] In the same year, from 24 to 27 September, a 3 car Elf I EN62, numbered 001 was presented at Trako (Gdańsk).[23]

In September 2017, an Elf II 21WEa, numbered 002 was showcased at Trako (Gdańsk),[24] followed by a 34WEa, numbered 003 at Czech Raildays (Ostrava) in June 2018.[25] In September 2019, a Greater Poland Railways Elf II 48WE, numbered 004 was presented at Trako (Gdańsk).[26]

Features

[edit]
Set of wheels from an Elf unit
Jacobs bogies of a Greater Poland Railways unit
The driver's cab of a Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) 27WE

The Elf family is standard-gauge, designed as low-floor trains featuring open gangways and plug doors. The trains are designed for multi-transport use, such as regional, commuter, and long distance services. Depending on their intended use, units vary in terms of acceleration, number of cars, and number of doors. For example, Elfs built until 2013 comprised of 2, 3, 4, or 6 cars, whilst the number of doors ranged from 1 to 3 per side of every car.[27] The top speed of most units is 160 km/h (100 mph), however the top-tier version can operate at a top speed of 190 km/h (120 mph), featuring 10 cars. The exterior profile and interiors were designed by Bartosz Piotrowski.[28] Pesa also offers broad-gauge Elfs, however such trains have never been built.[29]

Traction, bogies, coupling, and suspension

[edit]

In most units, only the front and rear (outer) bogies are powered, totalling to four traction motors for every train. Whilst the bogies in between carriages (Jacobs bogie) are unpowered, acting as trailer cars. This configuration is applicable for units of up to 5 cars. The Elf I 22WE and 22WEb trains operated by Silesian Railways are an exception to this, as all bogies are powered.[28]

The bogies feature a two-stage suspension system: the primary suspension system consists of steel springs, while the secondary suspension system utilises pneumatic springs, equipped with emergency springs. Air springs (two per powered bogie and four per Jacobs bogie) support the car bodies. To provide additional vibration damping, hydraulic dampers are vertically alongside the coil and air springs, at the pivot yoke (lateral), and longitudinally on the sides of the bogies, acting as yaw dampers.[5][30]

Trains use the scharfenberg coupling system, allowing for multi-unit operation of up to three units. However, due to the method used of the open gangway connection, units themselves can not be shortened or lengthened.[31]

Body

[edit]

The body framework is constructed from corrosion-resistant steel, including the 1.5 mm (0.059 in) thick outer skin, which is also steel. The train's front and rear (outer) ends are made of composite materials.[5][30] All passenger doors of the trains are equipped with automatically-retracting steps to assist boarding at platforms with a height distance from the train floor, typically lower than 550 mm (22 in) or taller than 760 mm (30 in).[32]

Interior

[edit]

The interior design, such as the colour scheme of trains varies depending on the operator, however all units feature the same basic design. All seats are arranged transversely, (facing towards the front or rear) either in a 2+1 or 2+2 layout. Trains feature an accessible bay for wheelchair users, and passengers with bicycles, and luggage racks above the seating.[33] All trains, except the Elf Is operated by Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) are equipped toilets, which are also accessible. The driver's cab includes two seats, one for the driver and one for the assistant driver.[30]

Operation

[edit]
Country Operator Series Image Set No. of cars No. built Year built Notes / references
Poland Lower Silesian Railways Elf II 48WEc 5 45 (out of 55) 2022–present [34][35][36][37]
Lesser Poland Railways 22WEh 4 4 2021 [38][39]
Masovian Railways Elf I 22WEe 4 16 2011 [40]
Silesian Railways Elf I 22WE 4 8 2011 [41]
22WEb 4 1 2011
27WEb 6 6 2013 [42]
Elf II 34WEag 2 4 2017–2020 [43]
21WEag 3 5 2017–2020 [44]
22WEdg 4 12 2017–2020 [45]
Greater Poland Railways Elf I 22WEa 4 22 2012–2014 [46]
Elf II 48WE 5 10 2019 [47]
48WEb 5 5 2020–2021 [48]
48WEd 5 4 2025 [49]
Polregio Elf I 22WEc 4 6 2014–2016 Owned by Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship[50][51]
Elf II 34WE 2 4 2018 [52]
21WEb 3 5 2017–2018 Owned by Subcarpathian Voivodeship[53][54]
22WEf 4 2 2018
Elf I 34WE 2 4 2011 Owned by Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship[55]
21WE 3 1 2012 Owned by Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship[56]
Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) Elf I 27WE 6 13 2011 [57]

Poland

[edit]

Silesian Railways

[edit]
The Elf I 22WE of Silesian Railways is the oldest set of the family.

On 22 December 2009, the Silesian Voivodeship signed a contract with Pesa for the construction of eight 4 car Elf trains,[58] followed by the contract for a ninth unit on 30 March 2011.[59] Initially, the trains were intended to serve Polregio, however, with the establishment of Silesian Railways (KŚ) in 2010, the units were transferred to the operator.[60] In early 2011, it emerged that the trains ordered were some 6.5 tonnes heavier than specified in the earlier contract. Consequently, Pesa removed equipment and altered features of the train: luggage racks were replaced with metal ones, seats were changed, and features such as additional sanders, larger water tanks, and glass breakers were removed.[61]

The first two units were delivered in April 2011, initially stabled at two different depots in Katowice and Łazy[62] until KŚ commenced passenger services on 1 October of the same year, when the new trains entered service initially on KŚ routes S1 (Częstochowa–Gliwice) and S6 (Częstochowa–Wisła Głębce).[63]

On 10 September 2012, another contract was signed for the leasing of six 27WEb 6 car trains, with the option to purchase the trains at the end of the lease term.[64] Initial technical inspection procedures by KŚ for the new trains began on 20 December, followed by further technical inspections (of the first two units) on 4 January 2013.[61] Due to defects discovered during the procedures, the trains were not accepted by the operator.[65] After four out of six of the units passed the technical inspections in late January 2013,[66] they were delivered to Silesia on 1 February,[67] with one of the units being showcased at Katowice railway station the following day. The four units entered service on 4 February,[68] with the remaining two units being delivered on 28 February,[69] entering service on 8 March.[70]

On 18 October 2016, the Silesian Voivodeship signed a contract with Pesa for the construction of 13 Elf II trains, the first of the class. This included ten four-car units, two three-car units, and one two-car unit for KŚ. The contact included an option for the additional order of six trains.[71][72] In late 2016, the operator decided to order four more units; three two-car units and one three-car unit. On 31 January 2017, the Silesian Voivodeship ordered an additional two four-car units, submitting the formal order a week later.[73] On 23 April 2017, the first three-car unit, 21WEa, numbered 001 completed a test run from Bydgoszcz to Warlubie, where it departed for Kraków that evening for homologation testing.[74] The deadline for the delivery of the first unit was 31 July; however, due to incomplete homologation testing, Pesa delivered the 14WE, numbered 002, which temporarily served KŚ to facilitate existing timetables until the new Elf IIs arrived.[75] A month later, Pesa delivered additional replacement trains, for the same reasons: a second 14WE train and two EN81 units.[76] The first unit was delivered on 11 September, 21WEa, numbered 002 which came into service the following day,[77] where the same unit was also presented the day after, on 13 September.[78] In late October, Pesa delivered two Masovian Railways EN71KM units as replacements for two 4 car Elf IIs; by then, the operator already had three Elf II units in its fleet.[79] On 1 December, Pesa was granted permission by the Poland Office of Rail Transport to deliver the four-car units, 34WEag; the first units arrived by 4 December.[80]

Lower Silesian Railways

[edit]
An Elf II 48WEc of Lower Silesian Railways at Węgliniec in 2026

On 9 September 2020, Lower Silesian Railways (KD) signed a contract with Pesa for the delivery of five Elf II 48WEc units, with the option for an additional order of another 20 units.[81] KD ordered eight more units in March 2021,[82] and ordered the remaining 12 units in March 2022, totalling the number of Elf IIs to 25.[83] The first units were completed by the end of July 2022,[84] with the first entering passenger services on 18 August serving routes D7/D70 between Wrocław Główny–Jelcz-Laskowice.[85][86] Delivery of remaining units was completed in July 2024.[87]

On 29 August 2024, another contract was signed with Pesa for the construction of 10 Elf II 48WEc units, at a cost of around 95 million Euros. The contract also included the option to order an additional 10 units,[88][89] which went ahead twice to 20 units in October 2025, totalling the future number of Elf trains on KD to 55.[90][91] On 30 June 2026, KD announced that 12 units from the August 2024 contract had been delivered, totalling the number of Elfs on KD to 37; unit 064 was KD's one-hundredth train of its fleet, which subsequently received its own livery commemorating the achievement.[36] By August 2026, 45 out of the 55 trains had been delivered to the operator.[37]

Lesser Poland Railways

[edit]
An Elf II 22WEh of Lesser Poland Railways formed of units 002 and 001

On 28 October 2019, the Lesser Poland Voivodeship signed a contract with Pesa for the delivery of four Elf II 22WEh (EN76B) units to operate on Lesser Poland Railways.[92] The first two units were delivered in August 2021, with the first entering service on 12 August.[93] On 17 August, the new trains were presented by Pesa.[94] On 27 August, the remaining two units were delivered.[95]

Czech Republic

[edit]

RegioJet

[edit]
An Elf.eu ČSD Class 655 of RegioJet at Praha-Podbaba in 2025

In March 2019, RegioJet signed a contract with Pesa for the delivery of seven two-car Elf.eu units for the Ústí nad Labem Region. These were the first Pesa Elf trains to serve places outside of Poland, and the first dual-voltage trains of the Elf series.[96][97] The trains were designated as the ČSD Class 654, with the first three units entering service on 11 December 2022.[98][99] The other two units were delivered in February 2023.[100]

In November 2022, RegioJet signed another contract for the delivery of seven three-car Elf.eu units, designated as the ČSD Class 655. The trains entered service on 1 April 2025.[101]

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
Aftermath of the 2014 collision, wrecked Elf train pictured on the left

Notes

[edit]
  1. ↑ Elf III trains are also operated by České dráhy (Czech Republic) and Ghana Railway Company (Ghana), although this designation is excluded since Elf III is the trade name of other trains manufactured by Pesa, such as the Pesa Link.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "PESA Bydgoszcz SA". Archived from the original on 21 September 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  2. ↑ "Elves with an ELF". Railway Gazette International. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  3. ↑ Majszyk, Konrad (14 August 2016). "Po co Pesie nowy Elf? Wiemy, w czym firmie pomoże nowy pociąg". forsal.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  4. ↑ Madrjas, Jakub (7 March 2019). "Elf.eu – nowa platforma Pesy na zagraniczne rynki" [Elf-eu – Pesa's new platform for foreign markets] (in Polish).
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Tomaszewski, Tomasz (2004). EN95 – nowy zespół trakcyjny dla Warszawskich Kolei Dojazdowych [EN95 – a new multiple unit for the Warsaw Commuter Railway] (in Polish). Łódź: Świat Kolei. p. 3. ISSN 1234-5962.
  6. ↑ Waga, Bogdan. Elektryczne na start [Electric to start] (in Polish). Łódź: Koleje Małe i Duże. pp. 18–27. ISSN 1234-5962.
  7. ↑ "Plan rozwoju SKM Warszawa do 2027 roku" [SKM Warsaw development plan until 2027]. Info Rail (in Polish). 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  8. ↑ "Acatus II Koleje Małopolskie" [Acatus II Lesser Poland Railways] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  9. ↑ "Pesa Elf Koleje Śląskie" [Pesa Elf Silesian Railways] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  10. ↑ "Pesa Elf SKM" [Pesa Elf SKM (Warsaw)] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  11. ↑ Grobelny, Michał (2010). Elfy dla Mazowsza, Śląska i na rynki zachodnie [Elfs for Mazovia, Silesia and Western markets.] (in Polish). Warsaw: Rynek Kolejowy. pp. 20–22. ISSN 1644-1958.
  12. ↑ Biały, Nicolas (15 August 2016). "Pesa releases new pictures of the ELF 2; Koleje Śląskie is launching customer". Railcolor. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  13. ↑ Biały, Nicolas (25 April 2017). "First images: this is Pesa's ELF 2 (for Koleje Śląskie)". Railcolor. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  14. ↑ Madrjas, Jakub (7 March 2019). "Pesa z ważną umową z RegioJet. Dostarczy pierwsze wielosystemowe Elfy" [Pesa Signs Signal Agreement with RegioJet to Deliver First Dual-voltage Elfs]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  15. ↑ "ELFY.EU wjeżdżają do Czech! PESA podpisuje umowę z RegioJet" [Elf.eus are coming to the Czech Republic! Pesa signs contract with RegioJet]. TransInfo (in Polish). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  16. ↑ Madrjas, Jakub (30 April 2019). "Pesa z dofinansowaniem NCBR na opracowanie Elfa.eu. Aż 19 mln złotych" [Pesa receives NCRD funding for the development of Elfa.eu. A whopping 19 million PLN]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  17. ↑ "Jednostka Pesa Elf.Eu dla RegioJet po raz pierwszy wyjechała na otwarty tor" [The Pesa Elf.Eu series for RegioJet took to the open track for the first time.]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 15 August 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  18. ↑ "Koleje Czeskie zwiększają zamówienie na RegioFoxy z Pesy" [Czech Railways increases order for RegioFoxy from Pesa]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 7 November 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  19. ↑ "Pesa wygrywa przetarg w Czechach. Dostarczy do 160 spalinowych zespołów trakcyjnych" [Pesa Wins Czech Tender to Supply Up to 160 Diesel Multiple Units]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  20. ↑ "Targi Innotrans 2010. Pesa zdobyła Berlin nowiutkim Elfem w rytmie Swinga..." Strefa Biznesu (in Polish). 27 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2026. [Innotrans 2010: Pesa conquered Berlin with a brand new Elf in the rhythm of Swing...]
  21. ↑ "Czeski Rekin z polskiej fabryki PESY czyli RegioShark dla Ceskich Drahów" [The Czech Shark from the Polish Pesa factory, i.e. RegioShark for České dráhy]. InfoRail (in Polish). 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  22. ↑ "Czech Raildays na zdjęciach i filmie" [Czech Raildays in photos and video]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  23. ↑ "Targi TRAKO już jutro. Zobacz wystawę taboru" [The Trako trade fair is tomorrow. See the rolling stock exhibition.]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 23 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  24. ↑ "Tabor kolejowy na targach TRAKO 2017" [Rolling stock of Trako 2017]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  25. ↑ "Elf 2 dotarł do Ostrawy" [Elf II arrives in Ostrava]. TransInfo (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 July 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  26. ↑ "Elf2 i Twist – nowe pojazdy PESY na targach w Gdańsku" [Elf II and Twist – new vehicles of Pesa in a Gdańsk trade fair]. TransInfo (in Polish). 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 15 July 2026. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  27. ↑ "Prezentacja o śląskim Elfie" [Presentation of the Silesian Elf] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  28. 1 2 "Zaelfieni". TransInfo (in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 July 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  29. ↑ "Elektryczne zespoły trakcyjne" [Electric multiple units] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  30. 1 2 3 "EZT 27WE" [EMU 27WE]. Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) (in Polish). Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  31. ↑ "Elf Śląsk elektryczny zespół trakcyjny" [Elf Silesia electric multiple units] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  32. ↑ "Zakłócenia generowane do sieci trakcyjnej przeznowoczesny elektryczny zespół trakcyjny 22WE Elf" [Interference generated in the traction power supply network by the modern Elf 22WE electric multiple unit] (PDF). Logistyka.net.pl (in Polish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  33. ↑ "EMU PESA Elf type EN96-003. 2025". Polrails. 1 October 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026.
  34. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie podpisały umowę na zakup Elfów 2 z Pesy" [Lower Silesian Railways signed contract with Pesa to purchase Elf 2s]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 29 September 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  35. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie zwiększają zamówienie na Elfy 2 z Pesy. Będzie ich 13" [Lower Silesian Railways order additional Elf 2s from Pesa. There will be 13 of them altogether]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  36. 1 2 "100 pociągów Kolei Dolnośląskich. Kamień milowy dolnośląskiego przewoźnika" [100 Lower Silesian Railways trains. A milestone for Lower Silesian Railways]. Lower Silesian Railways (in Polish). 30 June 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  37. 1 2 "Już 45 Elfów jeździ po Dolnym Śląsku!" [45 Elfs are now running in Lower Silesia!]. Legnica Naszemiasto (in Polish). 21 August 2026. Retrieved 22 August 2026.
  38. ↑ Szymajda, Michał (13 August 2021). "Pierwszy z Elfów 2 dla Kolei Małopolskich zabrał na pokład pasażerów" [First passengers onboard Koleje Małopolskie's Elf2]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  39. ↑ Madrjas, Jakub (28 August 2021). "Pesa zakończyła dostawy Elfów 2 dla Kolei Małopolskich" [Pesa completed delivery of Elf 2s for Koleje Małopolskie]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  40. ↑ "The purchase of 16 modern trains by the company "Koleje Mazowieckie – KM" co-financed by the European Union". Masovian Railways. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  41. ↑ "Elektryczny Zespół Trakcyjny EN76 – "ELF"" [Electric Multiple Unit EN76 – “ELF”]. Silesian Railways (in Polish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  42. ↑ "Elektryczny Zespół Trakcyjny 27WEb – "ELF"" [Electric Multiple Unit 27WEb – “ELF”]. Silesian Railways (in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  43. ↑ "Elektryczny Zespół Trakcyjny 34WEag – "ELF 2"" [Electric Multiple Unit 34WEag – “ELF II”]. Silesian Railways (in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  44. ↑ "Elektryczny Zespół Trakcyjny 21WEag – "ELF 2"" [Electric Multiple Unit 21WEag – “ELF II”]. Silesian Railways (in Polish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  45. ↑ "Elektryczny Zespół Trakcyjny 22WEdg – "ELF 2"" [Electric Multiple Unit 22WEdg – “ELF II”]. Silesian Railways (in Polish). Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  46. ↑ "Wielkopolskie ELF-y w komplecie. We wtorek będzie ostatni" [Elfs for Greater Poland in full complement. Last one will arrive on Tuesday]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  47. ↑ Madrjas, Jakub (17 September 2019). "Pesa Elf 2 dla Wielkopolski dopuszczony do ruchu. Rusza z pasażerami [aktualizacja]" [Pesa Elf II for Greater Poland with certificate. Starting in passenger service [update]]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 15 December 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  48. ↑ "Dwa kolejne Elfy2 dotarły do Poznania!" [Two more Elf IIs have arrived in Poznań!]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 28 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  49. ↑ "Wielkopolska z umową na nowe Elfy II" [Greater Poland with a contract for new Elf II]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 17 January 2025. Archived from the original on 15 September 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  50. ↑ "Ostatni zamówiony ELF dla BiT City już na torach" [Last ELF ordered for BiT City ready]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  51. ↑ "Kujawsko-pomorskie zamówiło szóstego Elfa" [Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship ordered sixth Elf]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  52. ↑ "Przewozy Regionalne odebrały cztery Elfy 2" [Przewozy Regionalne took delivery of 4 Elf 2s]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 16 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  53. ↑ "Komplet trzyczłonowych Elfów2 na Podkarpaciu" [A set of 3 car Elf IIs in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship]. Inforail (in Polish). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  54. ↑ "Elf2 w narodowych barwach – mocny akcent na koniec kontraktu z Podkarpacia" [Elf2 in national colors – a strong accent at the end of the contract with Subcarpathia]. Inforail (in Polish). 27 September 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  55. ↑ "Elfy wyjechały na świętokrzyskie tory (foto+audio)" [Elfs on tracks of the Holy Cross Voivodeship]. Skarzysko24 (in Polish). 6 October 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  56. ↑ "Awaria ELF-a podczas pierwszego przejazdu" [ELF failed on first service]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
  57. ↑ "27WE "Elf"". Rapid Urban Railway (Warsaw) (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2026.
  58. ↑ Grobelny, Michał (2010). Elfy dla Mazowsza, Śląska i na rynki zachodnie [Elfs for Masovia, Silesia and Western markets.] (in Polish). Warsaw: Rynek Kolejowy. ISSN 1644-1958.
  59. ↑ "Śląskie zamówiło jeszcze jednego ELFa" [The Silesian Voivodeship has ordered an additional Elf]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  60. ↑ "Kolejne nowoczesne pociągi dla województwa śląskiego" [Additional modern trains for the Silesian Voivodeship]. TVS (in Polish). 22 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  61. 1 2 "Koleje Śląskie: Elfy wcale nie były gotowe" [Silesian Railways: Elf trains are not ready as anticipated]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  62. ↑ "Elfy stoją pod chmurką i się nudzą" [Elfs are standing under the cloud and are bored]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 22 April 2011. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  63. ↑ "Pociągi nowego przewoźnika - Kolei Śląskich - wyjechały na tory" [Trains of the new carrier – Silesian Railways – have entered service]. Gazeta Prawna (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 July 2026. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  64. ↑ Kroma, Robert; Sosiński, Janusz; Zintel, Krzysztof (2014). Normalnotorowe wagony silnikowe kolei polskich 1991–2013 [Standard gauge railcars of Polish Railways 1991–2013]. Zespoły trakcyjne rodziny Elf (in Polish). Poznań: BWH Kolpress. pp. 191–206. ISBN 978-83-933257-6-4.
  65. ↑ "Elfy nie dotrą dziś do KŚ, bo mają usterki" [The Elfs won't be able to reach the KŚ today because they have problems]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  66. ↑ "ELF-y dla KŚ przeszły odbiory techniczne" [Elfs for KŚ passed technical acceptance]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  67. ↑ "Jutro prezentacja nowych Elfów KŚ. Z pasażerami pojadą już w poniedziałek" [Silesian Railways is presenting the new Elfs tomorrow. They will transport passengers on Monday]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 1 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  68. ↑ "KŚ: nowe ELF-y wożą już pasażerów" [KŚ: new Elfs are now carrying passengers]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 4 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  69. ↑ "KŚ mają komplet Elfów. VT614 brak" [KŚ has completed their Elf fleet. VT614 is missing]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  70. ↑ "W Kolejach Śląskich jeżdżą już wszystkie zamówione Elfy" [All ordered Elfs are now running in Silesian Railways]. Wyborcza.biz (in Polish). 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  71. ↑ "Elfy II pojadą do Kolei Śląskich. Umowa podpisana" [Elf II will go to Silesian Railways. Contract signed]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  72. ↑ "Umowa KS/ZP/25/2016" [Contract KS/ZP/26/2016] (PDF). Pesa (in Polish). 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  73. ↑ "Koleje Śląskie kupią cztery dodatkowe Elfy II" [Silesian Railways will purchase four additional Elf IIs]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  74. ↑ "Elf2 dla Kolei Śląskich jedzie na testy [zdjęcia]" [Silesian Railways Elf IIs are on test runs]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 23 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  75. ↑ "Zastępczy 14WE już w bazie Kolei Śląskich" [Substitute 14WE now at the Silesian Railways depot]. TransInfo (in Polish). 31 August 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  76. ↑ "Pierwszy Elf2 w przyszłym tygodniu, EN81 też w Kolejach Śląskich" [The first Elf II next week, EN81 also in Silesian Railways]. TransInfo (in Polish). 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  77. ↑ "Elf 2 już po pierwszym kursie z pasażerami" [Elf II has already completed its first journey with passengers]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2026. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  78. ↑ "Koleje Śląskie świętują pierwszego Elfa 2 [zdjęcia]" [Silesian Railways celebrates the first Elf II [photos]]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 13 September 2017. Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  79. ↑ "EN71KM w zastępstwie za dwa Elfy2 Kolei Śląskich" [EN71KM as a replacement for two Elf IIs of Silesian Railways]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  80. ↑ "Dwuczłonowy Elf 2 dla Kolei Śląskich w Katowicach [zdjęcia]" [Two-car Elf II for Silesian Railways in Katowice [photos]]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 4 December 2017. Archived from the original on 9 October 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  81. ↑ "Umowa podpisana - Pesa dostarczy Elfy2 dla Kolei Dolnoląskich" [Contract signed – Pesa will supply Elf IIs for Lower Silesian Railways]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  82. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie zwiększają zamówienie na Elfy 2 z Pesy. Będzie ich 13" [Lower Silesian Railways increases its order for Elf II trains from Pesa. There will be 13 of them.]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 17 March 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  83. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie zamawiają 12 dodatkowych Elfów 2. Całe zamówienie wykorzystane" [Lower Silesian Railways orders 12 additional Elf II trains. The entire order has been used.]. Rynek Kolejwoy (in Polish). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  84. ↑ "Dwa pierwsze Elfy2 pojechały na Dolny Śląsk; większe będzie ich dofinansowanie" [The first two Elf II went to Lower Silesia; their funding will be greater]. TransInfo (in Polish). 25 July 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  85. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie odebrały dwa pierwsze pociągi Elf 2" [Lower Silesian Railways has received the first two Elf II trains]. Sektor Kolejowy (in Polish). 19 August 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  86. ↑ "Pierwszy ELF o godzinie 5.09 kursem do Jelcza Laskowic rozpoczął służbę w Kolejach Dolnośląskich" [The first Elf at 5:09 a.m. on a course to Jelcz-Laskowice began service with the Lower Silesian Railways]. Kurier Kolejowy (in Polish). 18 August 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  87. ↑ "Wszystkie Elfy 2 dla Kolei Dolnośląskich już dostarczone" [All Elf II trains for Lower Silesian Railways have been delivered]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 7 February 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  88. ↑ "Lower Silesian Railways will buy 10 more PESA Elf trains". Rail Market. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  89. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie kupiły 10 nowych pojazdów Elf II" [Lower Silesian Railways has purchased 10 new Elf II vehicles]. Kolejowy Portal (in Polish). 29 August 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  90. ↑ "Koleje Dolnośląskie kupiły kolejne Elfy 2 z PESA Bydgoszcz" [Lower Silesian Railways have purchased additional Elf IIs from Pesa Bydgoszcz]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 14 November 2025. Archived from the original on 14 November 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  91. ↑ "Więcej Elfów na dolnośląskich torach" [More Elfs on Lower Silesian Railways]. Nakolei (in Polish). 16 October 2025. Archived from the original on 16 October 2025. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  92. ↑ "Pesa z umową na dostawę nowych pociągów dla Małopolski" [Pesa signs contract to supply new trains for Lesser Poland]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 28 October 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  93. ↑ "Pierwszy z Elfów 2 dla Kolei Małopolskich zabrał na pokład pasażerów" [The first of the Elf II trains for Lesser Poland Railways took passengers on board]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  94. ↑ "Małopolskie uroczyście odbiera Elfy 2 od Pesy" [Lesser Poland ceremoniously receives Elf IIs from Pesa]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  95. ↑ "Pesa zakończyła dostawy Elfów 2 dla Kolei Małopolskich" [Pesa has completed the delivery of Elf II trains to Lesser Poland Railways]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 28 August 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  96. ↑ "RegioJet orders Elf.eu multiple-units". Railway Gazette. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  97. ↑ "ELFY.EU wjeżdżają do Czech! PESA podpisuje umowę z RegioJet" [ELFY.EU is coming to the Czech Republic! Pesa signs a contract with RegioJet]. TransInfo (in Polish). 7 March 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  98. ↑ "Nowe Pesy zadebiutowały w RegioJet" [New Pesas debuted at RegioJet]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 12 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  99. ↑ "Pesa: Jednostka 654 to najnowocześniejszy pojazd w naszym portfolio" [Pesa: Class 654 is the most modern vehicle in our portfolio]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 12 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  100. ↑ "Rok pociągów Pesy w RegioJet. Sprawdziliśmy je na trasie" [A Year of Pesa Trains at RegioJet. We Tested Saw them Enroute]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 2 June 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  101. ↑ "RegioJet's Class 655 EMUs in commercial service". Railvolution. 1 April 2025. Retrieved 18 May 2026.
  102. ↑ "Wkolejanie SKM-ki trwało prawie dobę. Zakleszczyła się w tunelu" [It took almost a day to rerail the SKM train. It got stuck in the tunnel.]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 24 June 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  103. ↑ "Wykolejona w 2013 r. "lotniskowa" SKM-ka już na torach" [The "airport" SKM train derailed in 2013 is now back on the tracks]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 28 January 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  104. 1 2 "Relacja z miejsca zderzenia w Warszawie Wesołej" [Report from the collision site in Warsaw Wesoła]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 10 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  105. ↑ "Pożar Elfa Kolei Śląskich. Kabina doszczętnie spalona" [Fire on the Silesian Railways Elf train. Driver's cab burned]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  106. ↑ "W czerwcu spalony Elf wróci na śląskie tory" [In June, the burned-out Elf will return to the Silesian tracks]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 28 May 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2026.
  107. ↑ "Na linii Siedlce- Warszawa przywrócono rozkładową organizację ruchu pociągów" [On the Siedlce-Warsaw line, the regular train traffic organisation has been restored.]. Podlasie24 (in Polish). 10 February 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
  108. ↑ "Białośliwie. Trwa wkolejanie pociągu PKP Intercity po wypadku z POLREGIO" [Białośliwie: PKP Intercity train being rerailed after Polregio accident]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). 26 June 2026. Retrieved 26 June 2026.
  109. ↑ "Katastrofa kolejowa w Białośliwiu. Zderzyły się dwa pociągi. „To były sekundy..."" [A train crash in Białośliwie. Two trains collided. "It was seconds..."]. Głos Wielkopolski (in Polish). 25 June 2026.
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