The best answers address the question directly, and back up facts with wikilinks and links to sources. Do not edit others' comments and do not give any medical or legal advice.
Latest comment: 11 days ago4 comments3 people in discussion
I remember listening to a radio play in the late 80s, or perhaps early 90s, on BBC Radio 4 (or just possibly Radio 3). As I recall it was built around the friendship of a young boy and an old countryman, I think on the Somerset Levels. The old countryman was passing on his wisdom, as old countrymen do, and the young boy questioning it, as young boys do. I think it had elements of both coming of age and folk-horror, or at least folklore. One thing that stuck in my mind is a discussion of crows and rooks, and how rooks are gregarious and crows solitary. The boy asks "So what if you see a rook on his own?" and the old man says "Then he must be a crook", punning on crow and rook. I have a very strong feeling that I have asked about it here before, but cannot for the life of me find it. Anyway, can anyone identify the play? Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 23:23, 11 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
A crow in a crowd is a rook; a rook on its own is a crow is a standard UK saying, but the only place I've seen it with the ... must be a crook pun at the end is Stephen Fry's The Liar (1991), which doesn't otherwise match your description. Maybe he heard the same play you did! Adam Sampson (talk) 01:12, 12 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
The ideological veneer of a coup, intended to give it an appearance of legitimacy, will be based on whatever grudges are prominent at the time in the national discourse, regardless of the political system. Disregarding coups, such as those engineered by the CIA, and concentrating on revolutions made possible by popular support, some observations are possible (where fascist "revolutions" tend to take the form of a peaceful and lawful transition of power, followed by the regime dismantling the rules and institutions safeguarding democracy).
The more democratic a country, the more its institutions will tend to promote the well-being of the population in general. In contrast, authoritarian regimes care only about the wealth of those who are in power and to some extent of those who help keep it in power. This can create conditions in which the masses become receptive to the communist call for fairly sharing the wealth.
The rise of fascism always depends on demagoguery. Authoritarian regimes generally tend to fascism anyway, leaving little ideological room for fascist demagogues, and will forcefully squash any that manage to get themselves heard. In a democratic country, the tenet of "freedom of speech" means that little will hinder demagogues and their followers in their sowing discontent by spreading squalid lies.
Latest comment: 8 days ago6 comments5 people in discussion
I own a copy of Wilson, Colin, ed. (1977). Men of Mystery. Star Books. ISBN0-352-39593-1.. It contains short biographies by a variety of authors on Rasputin, Gurdieff, Blavatsky, Tesla, Crowley, Dashwood, Geller, Nostradamus, and Geller, written with varying degrees of credulity and credibility. The back cover proclaims that it is "Soon to be a Television series, produced and devised by Hal Hamilton. I cannot find any trace of any series ever being produced, indeed, all I can find is the book. Did anything happen? Was any footage produced? Any other info? Thanks, DuncanHill (talk) 21:36, 13 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
The scenario is most likely that the publisher sold options on the book. It is very likely that Hal Hamilton purchased the options for a small fee. That is expected because the contract would allow the publisher to use his name. But, that would be a private contract between the publisher and the purchaser, which is not something you can easily find published online, especially for a private contract from the 1970s. Assuming Hal purchased the options, he would then have to shop his project to studios. If none fund the project, the options run out and the contract is null and void. I know it seems weird that a publisher can say blatantly "Soon to be a Television series" when only one part of the process was complete - but it was their part of the process. They sold the options. They can say, "We assumed Hal would get studio backing and complete the project." ~2026-46630-01 (talk) 19:33, 14 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Latest comment: 4 days ago10 comments4 people in discussion
Hello. I am looking for historical equivalents to the Domesday Book (1086) created by other cultures or empires, particularly prior to the 20th century.I am specifically interested in massive, centralized, and highly granular state-sponsored surveys or censuses that recorded landholdings, livestock, population demographics, and economic output for fiscal, administrative, or military purposes.While the Domesday Book is the famous benchmark for medieval England, I am curious about similar "all-encompassing" bureaucratic undertakings in other parts of Europe and the world. ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 00:36, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
The English always like to say that the Domesday Book is unique, and it may be nearly so. From some centuries later we have some pretty detailed records for some north Italian states, like Florence. The lack of even the most basic statistics or even fragmentary economic data from the Arabic-speaking medieval Islamic world boggled my mind when I looked into it some years ago. China I don't know about, but I'm pretty sure that little survives from India before the British arrived. I've long suspected that the alternative uses for paper (on the fire and in the toilet) is a factor in the non-survival of Asian records, which must have existed, if only for collecting tax (a main motive for the Domesday Book). There must be books, but I don't know them. Johnbod (talk) 02:07, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
That apparently has a lot on the court and army, but not I think "landholdings, livestock, population demographics, and economic output". Johnbod (talk) 04:35, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
In 1749 a large-scale census and statistical investigation was conducted in the Crown of Castile (15.000 castilian places; excluded the Basque provinces, Navarre and the Crown of Aragon). It included population, territorial properties, buildings, cattle, offices, all kinds of revenue and trades, and even geographical informations from each place.
[...]
It is the best statistical register of the pre-statistical age of the Ancien Régime in Europe.
is a geographic handbook of Spain. Originally published in 16 volumes between 1845 and 1850,[1] it was edited and directed by Pascual Madoz. A widely known work in Spain (often simply known as "el Madoz"),[2] used as reference work, it stands out in terms of the sheer amount of information, its systematization as well as for covering the whole geography of Spain.[3
Latest comment: 6 days ago11 comments5 people in discussion
One of the books I am reading at the moment is Abdulla, Sheik A., ed. (n.d.). Fifty Enthralling Stories of the Mysterious East. London: Odhams Press Limited. One of the enthralling stories is "Huqm Chand, An Eastern Triangle" by "Afghan". The acknowledgments say "to the author and Herbert Jenkins Ltd". Herbert Jenkins also published a novel Afghan (1922). Exploits of Asaf Khan. London: Herbert Jenkins Limited., with an introduction by Sir George Younghusband. According to Jenkins the author told his agents "I would prefer to write under the nom de plume of 'Afghan,' but I leave the matter to you and the publisher to decide. It is not a question of service, as I am not in the service , but if I write under a nom de plume, I can write more freely than I could if everybody knows who has written the book. I don’t want a knife between my ribs ... I was many years on the North-West Frontier of India ... I was a few years in Peshawar , I have been in Kohat, Mardan, and other frontier places, and once went prospecting for gold up the Indus so far as the Black Mountains of Buner. The Border and her sons have always possessed a fascination for me; in fact, the North-West Border is the part of India I know best. Finally, I am English", and Younghusband says "The author is unknown to me, but he knows as much, or more about these wild border warriors as I who served as a soldier for 36 years or so within hail of the land of Afridis". So, perhaps the sort of man a Service or a Kipling would write about, but who was he? Thank you, DuncanHill (talk) 01:03, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Indeed, I tried asking Gemini and it came up with the name Sir Leslie Maurice Crump. Take that with a generous pinch of salt, for there is nothing in Gemini's linked sources to confirm this attribution. One thing that may possibly help is that the story you're talking about was originally published in a book called Best Indian Chutney (Sweetened): Some Eastern Vignettes. --Viennese Waltz07:37, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
I never try asking AI. Best Indian Chutney (Sweetened) was also published by Herbert Jenkins, who also published Wandering of Asaf, also by "Afghan". Crump was "in the service", and while he spent some time on the Frontier I don't think it was enough, and I don't think he was ever a prospector. DuncanHill (talk) 11:00, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Ok, so I just found this which says he was "AFGHAN. William John Jones, 1875-1953." So now the question is, who was William John Jones and can we verify the identification? DuncanHill (talk) 14:10, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Latest comment: 6 days ago1 comment1 person in discussion
How close did the Russian Empire come to executing an all-Russian national population census during the 1877–1878 period? I know that on February 26, 1877, a draft of the "Regulations on the General National Census" was submitted to the State Council by a Ministry of Finance commission, but shelved due to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. What specific legislative stages, budget allocations, or logistics (like form designs or pilot testing by Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky) had already been finalized before the war completely halted the project? ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 05:54, 16 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Latest comment: 13 hours ago12 comments4 people in discussion
Which countries and eras match the extreme, multi-modal geospatial and visual documentation of the 1930s–1940s United States?
I am looking for historical or geohistorical references regarding eras and countries that possess a specific, highly concentrated "data windfall" matching or exceeding the level of documentation available for the United States during the 1930s and 1940s.
For context, the interwar and WWII-era United States is arguably one of the most micro-analyzable environments in human history due to the simultaneous convergence of three massive datasets:
Comprehensive Historical Atlases: Charles O. Paullin’s Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States (1932), which maps political, social, economic, and physical data at an unprecedented nationwide scale.
Block-by-Block Neighborhood Ethnographies/Data: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) City Survey redlining maps and area descriptions. While explicitly racist and discriminatory, the underlying mechanics required surveyors to document an incredibly massive, block-by-block ledger of neighborhood quality, architectural types, local standard of living, infrastructure, and demographic shifts for almost every major American city.
Massive, Geolocated Visual Archives: Projects like Photogrammar (Yale), which archives, filters, and maps hundreds of thousands of high-quality Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information (FSA-OWI) photographs, providing a granular, visual cross-section of daily life across virtually every county in the country.
My question is: Are there other specific countries and historic eras (prior to the widespread availability of modern satellite imagery and the consumer internet) that feature a similar "holy trinity" of historical data? Specifically, I am looking for eras that feature:
A nation-wide historical atlas mapping highly granular demographic/economic metrics.
A systematic, block-by-block or neighborhood-by-neighborhood urban quality survey (whether compiled for taxation, military, insurance, or social control purposes) that reveals hyper-local standard of living.
A massive, centralized, and ideally mapped photographic or visual archive documenting the daily life of ordinary citizens.
Potential leads or points of comparison I am curious about (not exclusive; please feel free to propose and suggest any other, similar ones):
United Kingdom (Late 19th / Early 20th Century): Does the combination of the Ordnance Survey maps, Charles Booth's Life and Labour of the People in London poverty maps, and early photographic archives achieve this level of coverage nationwide, or is it strictly localized to London?
Germany / Central Europe / Eastern Europe (Interwar or Post-WWII Reconstruction): Are there equivalent regional or national documentation windfalls, perhaps driven by intense state planning, wartime bomb-damage assessments, or aerial mapping?
East Asia (e.g., Meiji/Taisho Japan or Colonial-Era Korea): Did the rapid institutionalization of land surveys and state-backed photography projects create a similar data ecosystem?
I would highly appreciate it if respondents could point me toward specific digital humanities projects, historical GIS (HGIS) datasets, or academic literature that highlights these highly detailed eras of world history. ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 00:27, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Brief answer: No. Are you hoping to write a PhD thesis? We don't answer requests to do people's homework. You sound as if you really ought to be able to find the answers all by yourself. Anyway, your post stinks of AI slop. MinorProphet (talk) 17:48, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Not intending to write a PhD thesis, unfortunately. Just curious about this since we have an unparalleled amount of info about the Great Depression-era and WWII-era United States. Has nothing to do with homework; just personal curiosity and amusement. Sorry for helping to use AI to write it, but sometimes AI helps write a "crisper" post, you know? ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 00:11, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Full confession: I am indeed named after a prophet, and when I chose my WP name I thought in my ignorance that he was one of the 'lesser' ones. However, with a little research I realised that my namesake is one of that special quadrumvirate, who are thus termed only because more of their scribblings have been preserved than, say, Jonah, who most certainly had a point. My mates DJ Broadsword Calling feat. Danny Boy, Zeke (off his tits most of the time, he really should have stayed off the shrooms), and even the somewhat ungraspable Izzy—who may have had one, two, or even three personalities—can keep their monikers. My name is Jeremiah: and woe unto you, ye heathen AI trolls. The lords of light will cast you into the nethermost fires of hell: and you will be burned, burned utterly, even unto ashes. MinorProphet (talk) 15:23, 21 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Latest comment: 5 days ago1 comment1 person in discussion
I am looking for historical examples of Arab-led empires or states that were characterized by significant technological, military, or industrial sophistication relative to their eras—specifically in a way comparable to the later "MuslimGunpowder Empires" (the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals).While the Gunpowder Empires are famous for their early adoption of firearms, advanced administrative centralization, and military tech, none of them were ethnically or linguistically Arab (being Turkish, Persian, and Turco-Mongol/Persianate respectively).Are there any notable Arab empires, caliphates, or regional sultanates (either during the Islamic Golden Age or later) that were similarly defined by a distinct technological or military-technological edge over their contemporaries? I am particularly interested in their advancements in military engineering, metallurgy, or administrative state-capacity that allowed them to project power.For instance, did any specific Arabdynasties (like the Abbasids at their peak, the Fatimids, or regional states in Oman or Andalusia) pioneer similar military-technological revolutions before or during the early modern period?Links to relevant articles, specific battles demonstrating this tech, or book recommendations would be highly appreciated. Thanks! ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 06:49, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
I'm going to hazard a guess that only a small proportion of "Canadian bacon" sold in the U.S. is actually made in Canada. Maybe slightly more than the percentage of French fries that are made in France. -- Avocado (talk) 14:46, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Never mind looking up "tuque"... you had better look up "Smarties". Canadian Smarties are probably not what you think they are. American Smarties are called Rockets here, and Canadian Smarties are similar to (but better than, in my humble opinion) M&Ms. Meters (talk) 20:10, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
American smarties look remarkably like UK Refreshers? Fizzy little sweets? A tube of Smarties was a special treat when I was little.
Some hats in the UK are called toque, which I believe is the same as Canadian-French tuque? Back bacon in a sarnie (sandwich) is a prized meal over here, although the debate over whether it should have HP sauce or red sauce is up for debate. Knitsey (talk) 20:54, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Forgot to mention that I was surprised to discover that you two could indeed exchange your pork products (at least if one of you were to cross the border). Personal exemptions allow importation of small quantities of packaged and labelled pork. Meters (talk) 20:16, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
"In 2023, Canadian producers exported 18.6 million kilograms of cured side bacon, fetching $134.1 million. Almost all of the cured side bacon exported from Canada in 2023 was destined for the United States. In the United States, back bacon is often referred to as Canadian bacon. In 2023, Canadian producers exported 202,165 kilograms of back bacon, with almost all of it going to California."
The United States is the dominant importer of Canadian pork products. Also, Canada is the major supplier of pork imports into the United States. But, far less then 10% of pork products in the United States are imported. Canada depends on the United States to import pork products. The United States does not depend on Canada as well over 90% of pork products consumed in the United States are domestic and Canada is not the only supplier for imports. The asymetry demonstrates the unfairness of the tariff. Normally, a tariff is used to adjust import prices so domestic prices can be competitive. In this case, the supplier is punished with little effect on the consumer. ~2026-38520-51 (talk) 16:11, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
I also should address the scenario of two people meeting at the border to exchange goods. When I was in Internation Falls/Fort Frances, there were stores on both sides of the border where you could purchase goods duty free and cross back across the border. So, it would be trivial to go from International Falls to Fort Frances, purchase Canadian bacon from one of the stores, and head back home. No need to coordinate between people to exchange goods. ~2026-38520-51 (talk) 18:05, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
So it's against the rules to give legal advice on the reference desks but criminal conspiracy is ok i guess? Disclaimer: all responses in this thread are for satirical and educational purposes
Latest comment: 3 days ago10 comments6 people in discussion
I came across the term "chignon gregarines", which relating to the infestation of hair and/ or wigs with head lice or similar creatures, and was looking for somewhere to redirect it.
I would speculate (only) that it may derive from the supposed gregariousness of the lice in an infestation, as in the name of the unrelated Gregarine aka Gregarinasina prozoans. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} ~2026-43920-01 (talk) 16:03, 17 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Presumably dermal detritus or sebum left on the wig. To a creature half a millimetre long or less, any skin flake or smear would be a feast.{ The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} ~2026-41275-62 (talk) 23:00, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Well, head lice can be transmitted via (or retained in) materials such as furniture which multiple people come ito contact with, such as armchair backs. I know this from first hand experience, having lived in a boarding school in the 1960s–70s which suffered more than one outbreak. It does not seem unreasonable that smaller organisms could similarly be spread.
However, the OP's linked document refers to "maggots" falling from a wig that had been left unworn on a stand for some time. This clearly cannot refer to either head lice or gregarines: it suggests (in the context) that some small species of fly had laid eggs in the wig, which if it had as suggested been dressed with ""pomatum . . . or ointment" also seems plausible. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} ~2026-43920-01 (talk) 13:07, 19 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
I think most 18th century lay people would recognise both lice and maggots when they saw them (they would be unlikely to notice gregarines) even if they did not necessarily associate maggots with flies: they doubtless encountered both far more often than people of our era do. The term "maggot" was also applied to caterpillars, but butterflies or moths laying eggs in wigs seems rather more unlikely, charming though the image seems. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} ~2026-43920-01 (talk) 01:15, 20 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
So, since you are a Wikipedian, ask yourself, "Why do I, GG, consider the iPhone 18 (no Pro suffix) the 20th generation?".
Perhaps I'm not a Wikipedian, because I don't even get what the question is about. What is "the iPhone 18 (no Pro suffix)"? What is the significance of "September 9"? And what is "the 20th generation"? ‑‑Lambiam04:56, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Lambiam, it's the date Apple revealed the new phones. Apple has a meeting every year in September. Look at the article of any iPhone in Wikipedia and you'll see that it belongs to a generation (e.g. the tenth.) Georgia guy (talk) 10:07, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Did Apple reveal "the iPhone 18 (no Pro suffix)" on any date? And is there evidence that Wikipedia considers "the iPhone 18 (no Pro suffix)" to be 20th generation? ‑‑Lambiam10:17, 19 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Is it then about the iPhone 18 Pro Max? If not, is there evidence that there is or has been, or a sign that someday there will be, an iPhone 18 that is not an iPhone 18 Pro or iPhone 18 Pro Max? Also, you did not answer my second question, which I'll reformulate as: is there evidence that Wikipedia considers an iPhone 18 that is not an iPhone 18 Pro or iPhone 18 Pro Max to be 20th generation? ‑‑Lambiam13:04, 19 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Latest comment: 3 days ago5 comments3 people in discussion
I'm looking for some historical insight into late 19th and early 20th-century Russian geopolitical ambitions regarding the Ottoman Empire. We all know about the intense Russian focus on securing Constantinople and the Straits, as well as their self-proclaimed role as protectors of Christians in Ottoman Armenia and the Balkans. However, I’ve rarely seen much discussion about their long-term visions for the rest of Asia Minor. Did pan-Slavists, Russian nationalists, or Tsarist military strategists in the decades leading up to WWI ever seriously contemplate or draw up plans for the total conquest/annexation of Anatolia? Or was the mainstream imperial consensus strictly limited to carving out the Armenian provinces and securing the Bosporus, leaving the Anatolian interior as a potential rump state or someone else's sphere of influence? Any pointers to specific memoranda, diplomatic correspondence, or ideological tracts addressing this would be greatly appreciated! ~2026-50008-57 (talk) 00:40, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
To be absolutely certain of continued access to the Mediterranean, Russia needed control over both shores of the Dardanelles, the European and the Anatolian shore. So, naturally, they had a geopolitical interest in Asia Minor beyond Constantinople. Tsarist imperialists will have dreamed of annexing Anatolia, but any realists among the military strategists must have realized that drawing up plans for the fulfillment of this dream would be an exercise in futility. ‑‑Lambiam05:50, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
The first 100-odd pages of Orlando Figes's Crimea: The Last Crusade, London: Allen Lane, 2010 ISBN0-71-399704-4 are mostly about this, though there is relatively little about the Anatolian interior. There would be plenty of ideological tracts urging & supporting Russian expansion into anywhere you care to mention. Without the support of the Tsar nothing counted for anything much. Johnbod (talk) 13:09, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Regarding a recent 2nd Circuit (US) decision about warrantless phone searches at borders:
“Today’s decision leaves Americans’ most sensitive information open to search at the border without any suspicion at all,” said Scott Wilkens, senior counsel at the Knight First Amendment Institute. “Our phones hold our private thoughts and associations, photographs of our family and friends, and a log of our nearly every movement. The First Amendment should require the government to get a warrant before searching them. We’re disappointed the court declined to recognize that.”
Question: what does this have to do with the 1st amendment? Shouldn't it say 4th amendment? I get that the organization is called "Knight First Amendment Institute" but it seems like a stretch. Am I missing something? Thanks. ~2026-49030-52 (talk) 22:39, 18 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
The Fourth Amendment requires “scrupulous” adherence to the warrant requirement where expressive values are also at risk. Zurcher, 436 U.S. at 564 (quoting Stanford, 379 U.S. at 485); see also United States v. Kelly, 529 F.2d 1365, 1372 (8th Cir. 1976) (“[I]n the absence of exigent circumstances in which police must act immediately to preserve evidence of the crime, we deem the warrantless seizure of materials protected by the First Amendment to be unreasonable.”). So too here, where permitting border agents to intrude on First Amendment interests without judicial oversight would have grave consequences for freedom of the press, free speech, and free association.
and
The First Amendment stands as an independent source of protection, separate and apart from the Fourth Amendment, against the search and seizure of travelers’ and journalists’ devices at the border. See Tabbaa, 509 F.3d at 101–07 (independently evaluating whether border searches at issue violated the First Amendment after concluding they did not violate the Fourth Amendment); Alasaad, 988 F.3d at 22 (“The First Amendment provides protections—independent of the Fourth Amendment—against the compelled disclosure of expressive information.”); see also Nieves v. Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1731 (2019) (Gorsuch, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“[T]he First Amendment operates independently of the Fourth and provides different protections.”).
Latest comment: 2 days ago6 comments5 people in discussion
According to this map, none of Latin American countries are considered to be part of Global North. In my mind however, Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina and Uruguay portray as rich countries, so why they are in Global South instead? And the map also show Turkey, India, China, Taiwan and Singapore as being part of Global South, but I consider them to be quite developed. Especially as Singapore has quite a high HDI and GDP, why it is not part of Global North? --40bus (talk) 07:27, 20 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
If the map accurately depicts what it claims to depict and I get this straight, it shows how countries are divided over global north and south according to UNCTAD, a UN body. The usual UN method is one vote per country and there are more countries in the global south, so if they manage to cooperate, or if the large borderline countries use their wealth to bribe the small really poor countries, the global south can decide who's in the global south and being there gives some benefits, as the purpose of UNCTAD is to redistribute wealth from the global north to the south. So we can expect a lot of inertia. Even when a country is no longer poor, it's not easy to kick it out of the global south for UNCTAD purposes.
You're quite right that China and Chile aren't poorer than some Eastern European countries. The UAE and Qatar are richer than some Western European countres. PiusImpavidus (talk) 09:11, 20 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
How about a reference on this so-called reference desk? The background to the classification between developed (global north) and developing (global south) is explained here, see the last two questions on the page. There's also an Excel file with all the countries listed. --Viennese Waltz10:51, 20 September 2026 (UTC)Reply
Courtesy link: First Amendment to the United States Constitution 